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ABGs Made Easy
pH 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 35-45mmHg HCO3 22-26 mEq/L Acidosis Neutral (7.4) Alkalosis ✶ Uncompensated–PaCO2 or HCO3 is normal ✶ Compensated–pH is normal ✶ Partially Compensated– Nothing is normal Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal Step 1: Is it compensated, uncompensated or fully compensated? Step 2: Respiratory or Metabolic? Step 3: Acidosis or Alkalosis?
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GTPAL Obstetrical History
Gravida – the total number of pregnancies Term – the number of pregnancies that ended at term (at or beyond 37 weeks’ gestation) alive & stillborn Preterm – the number of pregnancies that ended after 20 weeks and before the end of 37 weeks’ gestation, alive & stillborn Abortions – the number of pregnancies that ended before 20 weeks’ gestation Living – the number of live births GP…
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Hirschsprung’s Disease
Hirschsprung’s disease is usually limited to the sigmoid colon. Abnormal or absence of peristalsis in the involved segment and an inability of the internal sphincter to relax. A complete or partial bowel obstruction may occur as a result of this inability of the smooth muscles to relax. This in turn leads to an accumulation of bowel…
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
The ductus arteriosus is a normal part of a baby’s circulatory system that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus. A small patent ductus arteriosus often doesn’t cause problems and might never need treatment. A large patent ductus arteriosus left untreated can allow poorly oxygenated blood to…
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Therapeutic Communication
Therapeutic Communication with a patient who has Dementia o Be Positiveo Keep if briefo Familiarityo Don’t talk down to them o No need to shout o No sarcasm/irony o Limit distractions o Speak slowlyo Smile o Approach from the front so you don’t startle themo Acknowledge their feelings when upset then redirect o Use their name as a memory triggero If mad don’t make it worseo If wrong, let…
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The Nursing Process
Assessment ➔Gather Data (subjective and objective) ➔BEST source is the patient➔Can be comprehensive or problem focused ➔Learn as much as you can about your patients ➔Identify the most RELEVANT information ➔Use your past experience Diagnosis ➔Identify the problem➔3 Types (Problem focused, Risk, Health promotion) Diagnostic statement: Diagnosis + Related To + As Evidence By (Problem) + (Etiology) + (S/S) Planning ➔Develop goals (General statement…
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The 4 Ps of Labor
4 types of Pelvis 1. GynecoidMost favorable for a vaginal birth Rounded shape 2. PlatypelloidFlat in its dimensions 3. Anthropoid Elongated shape 4. Android Heart-shaped You can’t determine size and shape just by looking at a woman Passenger Amniotic fluid placenta membranes Fetal skull—sutures help as determine baby’s position, molding Attitude (Posture, Relationship of fetal parts to one…
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RhoGAM
RhoGAM [Rho(D) Immune Globulin (Human)] (300 μg), used to prevent Rh immunization, a condition in which an individual with Rh-negative blood develops antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood. Therapeutic Effects: Prevents antibody response and erythroblastosis fetalis in future pregnancies of women who have conceived an Rh(D)-positive fetus. Rh immune globulin is compose of IgG antibodies…
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Vital Signs
Normal Adult Ranges: 5 Main Vitals Heart Rate (Pulse) 60-100 beats per minute/ regular Respirations 12-20 breaths per minute/regular Blood Pressure <120 mmHg/<80 mmHg Temperature 96.8F (36C) – 100.4F (38C) O2 > 95% Other vitals: EtCO2 35-45 mmHg Normally taken postoperatively Pulse Pressure 30-50mmHg Systolic minus diastolic **If pulse pressure is too wide or narrow…
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Tetralogy of Fallot
It’s a congenital heart defect that is characterized by 4 structural defects 1. Right ventricular hypertrophy 2. Aorta displacement 3. Pulmonary stenosis 4. Septal defect (ventricular) Risk Factors Symptoms CyanosisShortness of breath and rapid breathingPoor weight gainIrritabilityProlonged cryingHeart murmurFaintingClubbing • Tet spells Treatment ▪ Open-heart surgery is usually done during the first year after birth and involves several…